Which intelligence discipline involves understanding the geographical layouts and feature analysis?

Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) is the discipline that specifically focuses on the analysis of geographical layouts and features. This includes understanding terrain, infrastructure, and other physical elements of the environment that can affect military operations. GEOINT utilizes imagery, mapping data, and other spatial analysis tools to create a comprehensive view of an area of interest, which is crucial for planning and conducting operations.

GEOINT plays a vital role in various aspects of military decision-making, including route planning, target analysis, and risk assessment. By providing detailed visual representations and analysis of geographical features, it helps commanders make informed decisions based on the terrain and other environmental factors.

The other intelligence disciplines focus on different aspects: Human Intelligence leverages information obtained from human sources, Measurement and Signature Intelligence deals with quantitative measurements of signals and phenomena, and Open-Source Intelligence involves analyzing publicly available data. Therefore, none of these alternatives address the specific focus on geographical layouts that is characteristic of Geospatial Intelligence.